Cadencia de pedaleo
Seguro que más de una vez te lo has preguntado: ¿cadencia alta o baja? ¿con cuál de ellas se rinde mejor? Si te fijas en los profesionales, verás que cada uno pedaleo con desarrollos diferentes. Con este artículo empezarás a salir de dudas.
Todo Bici revista española de ciclismo: Cadencia de pedaleo
La cadencia ha sido uno de los factores de los que más se ha hablado últimamente en el mundo del ciclismo. Casi todos los comentarios y estudios intentan descubrir qué cadencia es la óptima para conseguir el mayor ahorro energético y eficiencia mecánica. Con este artículo, intentaremos salir de dudas y aplicar algún consejo a nuestros entrenamientos. En ciclismo, es posible rendir a un determinado trabajo con diferentes combinaciones de fuerza o cadencia. Dos ciclistas pueden ir a la misma velocidad engranando diferente desarrollo y cadencia, avanzando los mismos metros por pedalada. Encontrar la formula ideal es el objetivo.
En llano y en montaña
Algunos estudios con ciclistas entrenados han demostrado que a intensidades del 80% del VO2max, la cadencia más económica es de 91rpm. Un estudio comprobó como durante30’ de contrarreloj los ciclistas rendían más a cadencias de 90rpm respecto a cadencias de 60 ó 120rpm. En montaña, subiendo una rampa constante del 10% sobre el 80%VO2max se ha estudiado que la cadencia más económica era de 84rpm frente a cadencias mucho más bajas. También otros estudios, con rampas más suaves y menos diferencia de cadencia (60-70rpm), no han encontrado diferencias.
En la controversia podemos decir que siguen las investigaciones, pero las posibles explicaciones radican en que una mayor cadencia en subida puede hacer ponernos menos veces de pie sobre los pedales (en pruebas largas esto puede ser un ahorro energético). De este modo, con una cadencia “alta” mejora la alternancia contracción-relajación muscular mejorando la irrigación y retorno sanguíneo.
La fatiga fisiológica en ciclistas
En un estudio no publicado se realizaron dos sesiones no consecutivas con dos protocolos diferentes. En primer lugar un test de esfuerzo progresivo, a continuación un esfuerzo de30’ al 70% VO2 max en bicicleta a 65rpm y para acabar se repitió el mismo test progresivo inicial. La idea fue comparar las diferencias en el mismo test tras el esfuerzo a 65rpm. EL segundo protocolo era idéntico, con el esfuerzo en bicicleta “intermedio” a la misma intensidad pero a 105rpm. La conclusión fue que con 105rpm se tendía a mantener mejor la capacidad de esfuerzo máximo y para una carga determinada submaxima los ciclistas se fatigaban menos en el segundo test progresivo.
En el triatlón
En triatlón cobra especial importancia el efecto que puede tener la cadencia en el segmento ciclista sobre el posterior segmento de carrera. Así se han encontrado beneficios en el rendimiento de carrera tras utilizar durante largo tiempo cadencias de 110rpm en vez de 90rpm y sobre todo de 70rpm. La explicación se encontró en una mejora de la frecuencia de zancada y no en un aumento de la longitud de paso
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